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Jazz harmony is the theory and practice of how chords are used in jazz music. Jazz bears certain similarities to other practices in the tradition of Western harmony, such as many chord progressions, and the incorporation of the major and minor scales as a basis for chordal construction. In jazz, chords are often arranged vertically in major or minor thirds, although ''stacked fourths'' are also quite common. Also, jazz music tends to favor certain harmonic progressions and includes the addition of ''tensions'', intervals such as 9ths, 11ths, and 13ths to chords. Additionally, scales unique to style are used as the basis of many harmonic elements found in jazz. Jazz harmony is notable for the use of seventh chords as the basic harmonic unit more often than triads, as in classical music.〔 In the words of Robert Rawlins and Nor Eddine Bahha, "7th chords provide the building blocks of jazz harmony."〔Robert Rawlins, Nor Eddine Bahha (2005). ''Jazzology: The Encyclopedia of Jazz Theory for All Musicians'', p.11, 13, and 42. ISBN 0-634-08678-2.〕 The piano and guitar are the two instruments that typically provide harmony for a jazz group. Players of these instruments deal with harmony in a real-time, flowing improvisational context as a matter of course. This is one of the greatest challenges in jazz. In a big-band context, the harmony is the basis for the writing for the horns, along with melodic counterpoint, etc. The improvising soloist is expected to have a complete knowledge of the basics of harmony, as well as their own unique approach to chords, and their relationship to scales. A style of one's own is made from these building blocks, along with a rhythmic concept. Jazz composers use harmony as a basic stylistic element as well. Open, modal harmony is characteristic of the music of McCoy Tyner, whereas rapidly shifting key centers is a hallmark of the middle period of John Coltrane's writing. Horace Silver, Clare Fischer, Dave Brubeck, and Bill Evans are pianists whose compositions are more typical of the chord-rich style associated with pianist-composers. Joe Henderson, Woody Shaw, Wayne Shorter and Benny Golson are non-pianists who also have a strong sense of the role of harmony in compositional structure and mood. These composers (including also Dizzy Gillespie and Charles Mingus, who recorded infrequently as pianists) have a musicianship grounded in chords at the piano, even if they are not performing keyboardists. The authentic cadence (V-I) is the most important in both classical and jazz harmony, though in jazz it more often follows a ii/II chord serving as predominant. Rawlins and Bahha: "The ii-V-I () provides the cornerstone of jazz harmony"〔Robert Rawlins and Nor Eddine Bahha (2005), p.42〕 The ii-V-I () may appear differently in major or minor keys, ''m7''-''dom''-''maj7'' or ''m75''-''dom9''-''minor''.〔Spitzer, Peter (2001). ''Jazz Theory Handbook'', p.30. Mel Bay Publications. ISBN 0-7866-5328-0.〕 Other central features of jazz harmony are diatonic and non-diatonic reharmonizations, the addition of the V7(sus4) chord as a dominant and non-dominant functioning chord, major/minor interchange, blues harmony, secondary dominants, extended dominants, deceptive resolution, related ii-V7 chords, direct modulations, the use of contrafacts, common chord modulations, and dominant chord modulations using ii-V progressions. Bebop or "straight-ahead" jazz, in which only certain of all possible extensions and alterations are used, is distinguished from free, avant-garde, or modern jazz harmony.〔 ==Chord symbols== Analytic practice in Jazz recognizes four basic chord types, plus diminished seventh chords. The four basic chord types are ''major'', ''minor'', ''minor-major'', and ''dominant''. When written in a jazz ''chart'', these chords may have ''alterations'' specified in parentheses after the chord symbol. An altered note is a note which is a deviation from the canonical chord tone. There is variety in the chord symbols used in jazz notation. A jazz musician must have facility in the alternate notation styles which are used. The following chord symbol examples use C as a root tone for example purposes. Most jazz chord symbols designate four notes. Each typically has a "role" as ''root'', ''third'', ''fifth'', or ''seventh'', although they may be severely altered and possibly use an enharmonic spelling which masks this underlying identity. For example, jazz harmony theoretician Jim Knapp has suggested that the 9 and even the 9 alterations are functioning in the root role. The jazz chord naming system is as deterministic as the composer wishes it to be. A general rule of thumb is that chord alterations are included in a chart only when the alteration appears in the melody or is crucial to essence of the composition. Skilled improvisers are able to supply an idiomatic, highly altered harmonic vocabulary even when written chord symbols contain no alterations. It is possible to specify chords with more than four notes. For example, the chord C-Δ9 contains the notes (C E G B D). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「jazz harmony」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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